How is a tree constructed and how does a tree work? Morphology and physiology of trees.

Introduction to the morphology and physiology of trees

 

An in-depth understanding of tree morphology and physiology is essential to promote the health, growth and longevity of these majestic organisms.

Let's take a journey through the fascinating world of tree structure and parts.

As well as how they work and what are the functions that take place in trees.

 

 

Morphology of trees: the art of form and structure

 

Morphology, in the context of trees, refers to the study of their external shape and structure.

This includes everything from the large-scale organization of a tree to the minute details of leaf veins.

Some key components are:

• Carrots: the underground support, water and nutrient system of a tree that not only provides anchorage, but also absorbs water and nutrients from the soil and transports them to the entire tree and all its different parts.
• Stam: the backbone of the tree, which serves as the main conduit system for water and nutrients between the roots and leaves, and which mechanically supports the tree.
• Branches and twigs: these branch from the trunk to the outside of the crown. And form the framework on which leaves, flowers and fruits grow.
• To leaf through: the primary location of photosynthesis, where trees convert light energy into chemical energy.
• Flowers and fruits: not present in all trees, but where they occur they play a crucial role in reproduction.

 

 

Tree physiology: the science of how trees live and function

 

Physiology looks at the life processes and functions within the tree.

This field helps us understand how trees live, grow, and respond to their environment. Important aspects include:

 

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the fundamental process by which trees use light energy to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) into glucose and oxygen (O2). This takes place in the chloroplasts of leaves. Glucose serves as the tree's primary energy source and supports growth and development, while oxygen is released as a byproduct, which is essential for life on Earth.

 

Perspiration

Transpiration is the process by which water is transported from the roots through the tree and ultimately released into the atmosphere as water vapor through the leaves. This process not only helps cool the tree on hot days, but also plays a crucial role in transporting nutrients from the soil to the leaves and supporting the photosynthesis by maintaining the water column within the xylem vessels.

 

Respiration

Respiration in trees is the process of releasing stored energy from glucose for use in various life processes. This is done by combining the glucose with oxygen, resulting in the production of CO2, water and energy. This process is crucial for the maintenance of cellular activities and growth.

 

Nutrient absorption and transport

Trees absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil through their roots. These nutrients are then passed through it xylem transported upwards to the leaves and other parts of the tree. This process is essential for the growth and development of the tree as it provides the necessary elements for photosynthesis and other metabolic activities.

 

Phytohormone regulation

Phytohormones are chemical signals that regulate growth, development and responses to environmental factors in trees. Important phytohormones include auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene and abscisic acid. They influence processes such as cell division, cell elongation, aging, leaf fall and the response to stress factors. The balance and interaction between these hormones determine the tree's growth habit and adaptive responses to its environment.

 

Photoperiodism

Photoperiodism is the ability of trees to recognize the length of day and night, which is crucial for the timing of seasonal processes such as flowering, leaf fall and the transition to a dormant state. This process helps trees adapt to changing environmental conditions and synchronize their life cycles with the most favorable times for growth and reproduction.

 

Leaf greening and leaf fall (senescence)

Leaf greening in spring and leaf fall in autumn are important adaptive processes for trees in temperate climates. In spring, hormonal changes and increased daylight length cause trees to develop new leaves, which is essential for photosynthesis and growth. In autumn, a decrease in daylight and temperature leads to leaf senescence and ultimately leaf drop, allowing trees to minimize water loss during the cold, dry winter and prepare for overwintering.

 

Wound repair and immune responses

Trees have different mechanisms for wound repair and defense against herbivores and pathogens. When the bark or wood of a tree becomes damaged, the repair process is activated, producing new cells to bridge the wound and protect against infection. Trees can also activate physical and chemical defense mechanisms, such as hardening the bark and producing toxic compounds, to protect themselves from herbivores and pathogens.

 

Symbiotic relationships

Many trees enter into symbiotic relationships with fungi (mycorrhiza) and bacteria. These relationships improve the tree's nutrient uptake, namely phosphorus and nitrogen, and can also help the tree tolerate stressful conditions such as drought and soil contamination. In turn, the symbiotic organisms receive carbohydrates from the tree, forming a mutually beneficial relationship.

 

Secondary growth and wood formation

Secondary growth is the process by which trees increase in thickness through the activity of the cambium, a layer of meristematic cells between the xylem (wood) and the phloem. This process results in the formation of new xylem inwards and new phloem outwards, leading to the growth of the trunk and branches in diameter. The formation of wood (xylem) is crucial for supporting the tree and it transporting water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves.

 

Each of these processes is fundamental to the life cycle and functioning of trees.

And emphasize the advanced mechanisms they use to grow.

These processes also illustrate the complexity and adaptability of trees to their environment, to survive in a wide range of habitats.

 

Importance of morphology and physiology in tree care

 

A thorough understanding of tree morphology and physiology allows arborists to:

• Health assessments to be executed by visual inspections and knowledge of tree structures and their functions.
• Management strategies that take into account the needs of life and growth patterns of trees.
• Diagnostic issues to be solved by understanding the underlying physiological processes that underlie certain symptoms and acting accordingly tree advice to give.

 

 

Conclusion

 

The morphology and physiology of trees are at the core of our understanding of these living things.

By unraveling the complexity of their structures and life processes, we can better care for our trees. And ensure their survival and development in our environments.

At b-Tree Tree Care we are committed to applying this knowledge in our practice, so that every tree has the opportunity to reach its full potential.